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FIGURE 1 This diagram illustrates how PTSD-induced oxidative pressure influences brain regions (e.g., amygdala and hippocampus) and leads to neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cognitive decline

The uptake and metabolism of glutamine is elevated in LPS-activated M1 macrophages, and the replenishment of -KG by glutamine metabolism further promotes the accumulation of succinate, improving the stability of HIF-1, which in turn drives the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1) [95, 96]

Despite their benefits, these drugs provide only symptomatic relief and do not directly address the underlying mechanisms driving AD pathology, highlighting an urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies (Passeri et al., 2022)

They work synergistically to neutralize free radicals, recycle each other, and enhance cellular protection against oxidative stress

Recommended use: Take 1 capsule daily with a meal or a glass of water

Bertacchi, C.M