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Table 3 Dose schedule of antioxidants commonly used in treatment of male infertility

It should also be noted that there is no report of B12 toxicity

Selenium-dependent GPx activity prevents oxidative stress in reproductive tissues, and research indicates its involvement in preventing complications like preeclampsia during pregnancy

Moreover, under glucose-limited conditions, it exhibits remarkable metabolic adaptability by replenishing the TCA cycle and supplying substrates for amino acid synthesis, effectively compensating for the metabolic deficiencies caused by insufficient glucose availability

10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.11.055 20 ChangC

In addition, the phagocytosis or accumulation of oxidized phospholipids can cause immune cell activation, complement cascade activation, and increase metabolic stress, thereby exacerbating neurodegenerative diseases [165, 166]