Sodium accumulation is associated with disability and a progressive course in multiple sclerosis
AD pathology is now seen as a complex network where insulin signaling issues, A accumulation, and tau hyperphosphorylation interact and worsen each other within the A/T/N framework (Amyloid/Tau/Neurodegeneration) ( 4.3 Impaired glycolytic flux and TCA cycle disruption Extensive research has highlighted the association between AD and the dysregulation of key glycolytic enzymes, including hexokinase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and pyruvate kinase (PK) ( 4.4 Altered lipid metabolism and membrane remodeling Beyond glucose impairment, a growing body of epidemiological and clinical evidence links disrupted lipid metabolism to the pathophysiology and progression of AD
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Psychiatry 111, 110148
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Other studies have suggested beneficial effects of L-carnitine supplementation on inflammatory parameters 55 , in the secondary prevention of CVD 54,56 , in diabetes mellitus 57 , on serum lipid profile in hemodialysis patients 58 , for adults with end-stage kidney disease on hemodialysis 59 or for patients in maintenance hemodialysis 60 , though detailed analysis of whether the carnitine was provided in oral vs intravenous supplementation, bypassing the gut microbiota, has not been extensively evaluated