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During the pathogenic conditions of systemic and chronic SLE, mitophagy and mitochondrial metabolism pathways form extremely complex networks that mutually affect immune signaling activation (184)

[Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] Calzia D, Oneto M, Caicci F, Bianchini P, Ravera S, Bartolucci M, Diaspro A, Degan P, Manni L, Traverso CE, Panfoli I

Testoni, B., Levrero, M

Nitric oxide (NO), another free radical, is positively regulated by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which triggers lipid peroxidation by producing peroxynitrite anions (Wan et al., 2021)

Spach ( Polygonum hydropiper L.)

Thus, damage to mitochondrial DNA and loss of can further increase ROS production, thereby creating a cycle of dysfunction that includes increased ROS production by the respiratory chain, activation of signal transduction pathways, and potentially, leading to apoptosis or necrosis, as well as the release of cytochrome c, which triggers apoptosis