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Mitophagy Although MLCS represents a novel mechanism of organelle crosstalk that is independent of mitophagy, studies have indicated that these contacts are linked to mitophagy (Juhl et al., 2021

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Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs), sense microbial components and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), triggering activation of signaling cascades such as NF-B, MAPK, and inflammasomes (e.g., NLRP3), which further amplify the inflammatory response [40]

Cell wall development was impaired, showing blurred edges, while grana lamellae became separated and mitochondria appeared damaged (Fig

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