Introduction Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in late 2019 and rapidly spread worldwide, leading to approximately 5 million deaths to date ( An exacerbated inflammatory response has been implicated as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with COVID-19 ( Among the distinct cytosolic sensors able to form inflammasomes, the molecule NLRP3 (NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3) has been implicated in COVID-19 ( Oxidative stress results from the imbalance of total oxidant status over antioxidant response ( Therefore, we hypothesized that uncontrolled oxidative stress may form a positive feedback loop exacerbating NLRP3-inflammasome activation and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, during COVID-19

A smaller cohort of Long COVID will be evaluated in person at Stanford's autonomic neurology lab, for autonomic function testing, skin biopsy, salivary analysis and serological testing
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Their capacity to act as both micronutrients and toxicants, depending on concentration and exposure route, makes them particularly challenging from a toxicological perspective [203]
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Dynamics of HPV viral loads reflect the treatment effect of photodynamic therapy in genital warts