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The transport of glutamate is driven by a sodium gradient (i.e., by a Na + -dependent mechanism), with a stoichiometry of three Na + ions co-transported with one glutamate, resulting in a significant increase in intracellular Na + concentrations in astrocytes (Magistretti and Pellerin, 1999

Unlike most injectable peptides it is dosed in micrograms and given before each major meal rather than once daily

CYP46A1, the rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol degradation, is neuroprotective in Huntington's disease

Glutaredoxin regulates autocrine and paracrine proinflammatory responses in retinal glial (muller) cells

BCNU wafer implants (Gliadel) placed in the surgical cavity have been specifically criticized for their high complication rates, high expense, and limited therapeutic efficacy

Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 21.0 for Windows (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA)