Both are classified as food supplements in the UK, not licensed medicines, and are not subject to the same regulatory scrutiny as prescription drugs
However, animal production may contribute to circular food systems by using food wastage that is not fit for human consumption ( 6.1 Circular economy principles applied to food systems The circular economy model, as developed mainly by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation and based on older concepts of industrial ecology, biomimicry and ecological economics, radically separation itself from the dominant linear take-make-dispose model by presenting economic and biological systems not only as means to regenerate resources and waste elimination but as tools for maintaining material and nutrient value in perpetual productive cycles and, in general, going beyond the idea of waste being the inevitable by-product of economic activity ( 6.2 Trophic efficiency and nutrient cycling We can consider from a bioenergetics point of view that if humans eat plants directly it will be more efficient in terms of energy and nutrients because we will avoid the inevitable losses that happen when plant calories and nutrients first eaten by animals and then humans consume animal products ( 6.3 Organic waste recovery, urban agriculture, and the bioeconomy In circular food systems, plant-based diets help the system to be more compatible and seamlessly integrated with organic waste recovery and nutrient recycling through the whole value chain of food supply at the local and regional levels ( The plant-based diets production system can be more naturally aligned with livestock production at urban scale, therefore the inputs such as reclamation of organic waste from cities can be directly linked as growth inputs for crops by the plant-based system and the distances for food transportation and the emissions can be significantly lowered ( 6.4 Novel protein technologies and circular food futures The newly developing food technologies present excellent possibilities to make complete nutritional plant-based protein foods that utilize resources extremely efficiently and have great potential for circular integration ( 7 Challenges and future research directions 7.1 Nutritional challenges Though, there are many health benefits associated with plant-based dietary patterns, ensuring nutritional adequacy is an important consideration, especially if animal foods are omitted entirely
7 Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia Correspondence: Ari W Satyagraha ([email protected]) Malaria Journal 2025, 24(Suppl 1): T2-P4 Background: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency increases the risk of primaquine-induced hemolysis in Plasmodium vivax ( P
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