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The gutlung axis is bidirectional, denoting that the endotoxins and microbial metabolites released into systemic circulation by the gut can affect the lung, and if inflammation occurs in the pulmonary tissue, the gut microbiota is also affected ( Though progress has been made, lung microbiome research is complicated by the difficulty in collecting biospecimens specific to the lung and lower airways

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The anti-inflammatory effects protect blood vessel walls from the chronic inflammation that drives atherosclerosis

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