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Critics, including the FDA's own scientific staff, argue that insufficient evidence exists to ensure these compounds are safe for human use

doi: 10.1002/jps.20094 195 PardridgeW

Minimum purity: 98%, supported by batch-specific analytical documentation where applicable

Supplementation strategies vary depending on the underlying cause of deficiency or risk factors: Oral supplements (typically 25-2000 micrograms daily) are suitable for individuals with adequate intrinsic factor production but insufficient dietary intake Sublingual or buccal preparations have no proven superiority over standard oral tablets at equivalent doses Intramuscular injections (usually 1000 micrograms of hydroxocobalamin) are the preferred treatment for pernicious anaemia and severe malabsorption

It was shown that BRCA1 occupied the NNMT promoter and regulating its expression ( BRCA1 and CDK12 depletion contribute to mitochondrial respiration defects and decreased ATP levels due to the reduced mitochondrial DNA copy number rather than mitochondrial number, which suggest that they stem from decreased flux through electron transport complexes rather than a decrease in mitochondria (66)

You will have to figure out what your body does best on, but in general, I recommend using 5,000mcg per day in sublingual form as long as you are not extremely sensitive to supplements and/or medications