l-carnitine tmao koeth 2013 nature medicine Gut Metabolite Trimethylamine-N-Oxide in Atherosclerosis: From Mechanism to Therapy Intestinal microbiota metabolism of l-carnitine,

Intestinal microbiota metabolism of l carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis Nature Medicine Characterization of TMAO productivity from carnitine challenge facilitates personalized nutrition and microbiome signatures discovery Microbiome Springer Nature Link Trimethylamine Noxide: breathe new life Subramaniam 2018 British Journal of Pharmacology Wiley Online Library Comparison of short term and long term effects of peroral L carnitine intake: clinical implications of elevated TMAO levels in cardiovascular complications Gut Microbiota Derived TMAO: A Causal Factor Promoting Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease? Butyrobetaine is a pro atherogenic intermediate in gut microbial metabolism of L carnitine to TMAO PMC

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