glutathione peroxidase antioxidant properties Defense mechanisms of antioxidants. e-: electron; GPxs: New glutathione peroxidase mimetics—Insights into

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Clomiphene citrate induces a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse, leading to the secretion of gonadotropin from the anterior pituitary gland [11]

At physiological concentrations, ROS function as important secondary messengers in cell signaling pathways, regulating processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, and host defense [64]

FAD acts as a coenzyme for GR and helps transfer electrons from NADPH to oxidised glutathione disulfide (GSSG), thus generating reduced glutathione (GSH)

8 In light of the established pathophysiological mechanisms outlined in previous sections, we systematically evaluate existing diagnostic modalities for DPN and propose novel biomarkers that may enhance early detection and clinical management