Abbreviations ALT: Alanine transaminase AMP: Adenosine monophosphate AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase ASNS: Asparagine synthetase ASS: Argininosuccinate synthetase AST: Aspartate transaminase ATF4: Activating transcription factor 4 ATP: Adenosine triphosphate BCAA: Branched-chain amino acids CBS: Cystathionine -synthase CGL: Cystathionine -lyase CRP: C-reactive protein CTX: C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen eIF2: Eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha EAA: Essential amino acids GCN2: General control nonderepressible 2 kinase GS: Glutamine synthetase GSH: Glutathione HIF-1: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor 1 mTOR: Mechanistic target of rapamycin mTORC1: mTOR Complex 1 NAC: N-Acetylcysteine NAD/NADH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized/reduced) NEAA: Nonessential amino acids NO: Nitric oxide NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate OAT: Ornithine aminotransferase P1 NP: Procollagen type I n-terminal propeptide PHGDH: Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase P5 C: 1 -Pyrroline-5-carboxylate P5 CS: Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase PSAT1: Phosphoserine aminotransferase 1 PSPH: Phosphoserine phosphatase PYCR: Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase ROS: Reactive oxygen species TCA: Tricarboxylic acid (cycle) References Shan S, Hoffman JM (2025) Serine metabolism in aging and age-related diseases

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