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Elevated OxS and mitochondrial dysfunction are two well-known cardinal defects responsible for the aging process [2,3], and these defects universally affect all cells and organs in the body [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19]

The ultimate consequence of this B cell dysregulation is the production of high-affinity pathogenic autoantibodies, particularly anti-dsDNA antibodies, whose deposition in the glomeruli is the pathological hallmark of LN (113)

Grape seed proanthocyanidins add complementary free-radical scavenging, while schisandra supports detoxification enzyme activity, rounding out both protection and processing functions

In response to OS, Nrf2 plays a critical role in the ubiquitin-dependent signaling pathway ( Probiotics are thought to activate the Nrf2 system in the host, representing a crucial mechanism underlying their antioxidant properties

However, it remains to be determined if glutathionylation affects complex III and IV activi- ties