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This result suggests that neutrophils preferably rely on upregulation of oxPPP, rather than other pathways that can also contribute to NADPH production at baseline, to fulfil the large and rapid increase in NADPH demand associated with oxidative burst

Considering that energy metabolism is also able to regulate ROS levels, we supplemented sodium pyruvate (the sodium salt form of pyruvate, a key energy substrate for cellular metabolism) or JX06 (a compound that modulates pyruvate flux into the tricarboxylic acid cycle) in GGCT-knockdown cells, respectively

2.9 Rat RT-qPCR analysis RT-qPCR was performed to measure the mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1), glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4), monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT-1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in skeletal muscle tissues

Detailed protocols for the skeleton validation campaign are described in Supplementary Methods 2.2.4, with an overview in (Supplementary Fig

butyricum and its metabolites inducing superoxide stress and intracellular lipid accumulation, thereby enhancing tumor cell susceptibility to ferroptosis (186)

Folic acid is essential for the production of red blood cells