glutathione glycine synthesis from and glutamine; 'retro-control' by GlyNAC Supplementation Improves Glutathione Deficiency,

Zelic et al., 2025)

Fumaric acid (FA) is an organic acid (C 4 H 4 O 4 ) omnipresent in nature and attributed with such properties (e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, chemopreventive, anti-psoriatic, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective) that may bestow relief in Cd-induced liver damage

Production of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) The production of H 2 O 2 in leaves was visualized using the 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) method (ThordalChristensen et al

This balance influences numerous redox-regulated cellular processes, including the modulation of signaling pathways, post-translational modifications such as protein glutathionylation, activation of transcription factors like Nrf2 and NF-B, and the regulation of cell fate decisions such as proliferation or apoptosis [38]

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