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In this context, this review systematically examines the multifunctional roles of lactate in the CNS and provides a comprehensive explanation of the molecular mechanisms and pathological implications of protein lactylation in various neurological disorders (Figure 1)

Oxidised glutathione (GSSG) produced, from the first reaction with H2O2 and glutathione (GSH), is immediately reduced in the presence of NADPH (Cichoski et al., 2012)

It is down-regulated in CD 40-activated monocyte-derived dendritic cells

In the long run, these ROS-mediated effects might influence the rheological properties of erythrocytes, thereby demonstrating the clinical relevance of eryptosis research [118]

VEGFAinduced CNV is promoted by NLRP3 inflammasomemediated IL1 activation In contrast to acute laser injury models of neovascular AMD (He & Marneros, 2013), VEGFA hyper mice allow us to investigate which molecular mechanisms do not only contribute to CNV lesion growth (measuring CNV lesion size), but also contribute to their spontaneous agedependent induction without experimental injury (measuring CNV lesion numbers)

This pipeline approach can both identify new matrikines and provide insights into the mechanisms underpinning tissue homeostasis and repair