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Mutations that impact protein stability cause G6PD deficiency in RBCs, especially as the red cells age, while other cell types maintain sufficient levels of the enzyme due to continued protein synthesis

How Glutathione Works Glutathione competitively inhibits melanin synthesis in the reaction of tyrosinase and L-DOPA by interrupting L-DOPA's ability to bind to tyrosinase during melanin synthesis

D-lactate, the stereoisomer of L-lactate, is produced at very low concentrations under physiological conditions from methylglyoxal (MG, see below)

Eugene and Linda Lloyd Endowed Chair and Armbrust Endowment to AGK are also acknowledged

PMCID: PMC12943208

Immune and inflammatory pathways Gut microbes profoundly shape the host immune system from development through adulthood