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As islet macrophages are unique amongst tissue-resident macrophages in their haematopoietic origin, basal proinflammatory state, surface expression of the DC marker CD11c and effective APCs, we selected BMDCs to model antigen presentation by these cells

A possible benefit of this simplified model of NF-B translocation could be that it is easier to integrate into more complex models of signaling involving the engagement of multiple pathways and transcription factors, as crosstalk among multiple pathways has a significant effect on gene expression

To provide a coherent mechanistic framework, this section organizes the modes of action of these functional factors into distinct physiological categories

DOI: 10.1038/s42003-025-07738-0

6 Conclusion In conclusion, emerging evidence demonstrate that gut microbiota plays a critical role in the neuroinflammation associated with PND through the gut-brain axis