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Figure 1 Through the interaction of polyphenols with gut microbiota, intestinal barrier function can be enhanced, and simultaneously, the richness and activity of the gut microbiota increase (41, 42)

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Further studies will be needed to verify the contribution of this mechanism to the DADA2 phenotype and to evaluate its potential as a therapeutic target

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Although direct evidence is still needed, pharmacological modulation of autonomic balance (e.g., -adrenergic blockade), dietary manipulation of microbial substrates, or short-term probiotic or postbiotic interventions might reveal ENS-microbiota interactions

Pharmacol Ther 51: 155194