2 Mechanisms of ferroptosis 2.1 Lipid peroxidation Lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in cell membranes is a crucial feature of ferroptosis ( Figure 1 ) ( Figure 1 2.2 Iron dyshomeostasis Iron is a significant material basis for metabolic processes, including mitochondrial respiration, DNA synthesis, and cell signaling, but ferroptosis may occur when it accumulates excessively ( 2+ ) and ferric (Fe 3+ ) ions ( Figure 1 ) ( 2+ , primarily generated from erythrocyte degradation and intestinal absorption, can enhance ROS production through the Fenton reaction, thus facilitating lipid peroxidation ( In vivo , free Fe 2+ enhances the activity of lipoxygenase (LOX) and cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR), enzymes that catalyze polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing phospholipids (PUFA-PLs) oxidation, thereby affecting lipid peroxidation ( 2+ to Fe 3+ , which binds to transferrin (Tf) and endocytosis into cells through the action of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) ( 3+ is reduced to Fe 2+ through six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostatic 3 (STEAP3) and transferred from endosome/lysosome to the cytosol via apical bivalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) ( 2+ , thus promoting lipid peroxidation through the Fenton reaction, and the heightened ROS eventually induces ferroptosis ( 2.3 System Xc-/GSH/GPX4 pathway Glutathione (GSH), which mainly includes cysteine, glutamic acid, and glycine, is a vital inhibitor and endogenous antioxidant in ferroptosis ( Figure 1 ) ( 3 Correlation between ferroptosis and pain Previous studies have demonstrated the relationship between ferroptosis and neuropathic pain (NP) and bone pain (BP) ( Figure 2 ) ( Figure 2 Analogously, increased iron levels were detected in the spinal cords of BCP mice ( 4 Ferroptosis and pain-related illness 4.1 Neuropathic pain-related diseases 4.1.1 Multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease with the most common and severe symptoms of NP and spasticity, affects approximately 2.1 million people worldwide ( Figure 3 ) (65, 66)
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[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 518.Zuloaga R., Fuentes E.N., Molina A., Valds J.A
5 FRCs in the splenic WP are a major target of MCMV infection
Currently, several monoclonal antibodies (both fully human molecules or humanized-version) that object the S1 receptor-binding domain (RBD) and non-RBD and S2 regions of coronaviruses have been produced and examined in cell cultures to determine the neutralizing capacity of viruses and animal models as well to assess the efficiency in prophylaxis and post-exposure stage (177)
