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[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Salmeen A, Andersen JN, Myers MP, Meng TC, Hinks JA, Tonks NK, Barford D

COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

3 Mechanisms underlying cell death in cardiovascular disease Cell death is a central pathological event in CVDs, contributing to the progression of conditions such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and heart failure (Figure 2) ( Figure 2 3.1 Programmed cell death in cardiovascular diseases PCD refers to tightly regulated cellular processes involving molecular pathways that orchestrate cell demise ( Apoptosis, a caspase-mediated process, is pivotal in both acute and chronic cardiovascular injury ( Autophagy is primarily a survival mechanism, but excessive autophagy contributes to cell death under stress conditions, such as hypoxia or oxidative stress ( Iron-dependent lipid peroxidation characterizes ferroptosis, which is distinct from other PCD modalities (102)

PMID: 30342045

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Mitochondrial injury directly impairs the function of alveolar epithelial cells, thereby triggering local inflammatory responses and promoting fibroblast activation driven by TGF-, a process that plays a critical role in the development of pulmonary fibrosis (Liu and Chen, 2017